Reverse Engineering and Knewton

September 30th, 2009

When evolutionary biologists encounter a trait in nature, they perform a process known as reverse engineering to understand why that trait existed in the past and continues to exist in the present.

Take, for example, the peacock’s tail.

Evolutionary theory is based on the idea that every adaptation must increase the organism’s reproductive fitness or it would long ago have been bred out of existence. On the face of it, the peacock’s tail poses a problem to the theory. It’s big, heavy and impractical to the point of being downright counterfunctional. The recent theory is that the tail’s very cumbersomeness advertises the peacock’s high level of overall reproductive fitness. The tail announces to peahens, “look at me, I can schlep around all this excess plumage, I must be a pretty impressive peacock.”

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September 2009 LSAT Survey

September 28th, 2009

Compiled by Brad McIlquham, Knewton’s Director of Curriculum.

This past Saturday, September 25th, more than 45,000 aspiring law students across the world took the LSAT. Many of these test-takers spent more than two months preparing. Before they got down to their well-earned celebrating, we asked Knewton students to fill us in on how they felt about their performance. Here’s what they said.

Overall

  • Two thirds of Knewton students felt they did as well as or better than they expected on the test.
  • Almost half of the students surveyed (46.7%) felt the Logical Reasoning section was the most challenging of the three. The rest were split evenly over whether the Analytical Reasoning or Reading Comprehension sections were the hardest (26.7% each).
  • 60% of our students felt that Logical Reasoning was their main strength going into the test, while just over a quarter felt best prepared for the Analytical Reasoning section.
  • 84.6% of students were happy with the amount of preparation they put into their LSAT studies, while the remaining 15.4% felt only adequately prepared or unsatisfied with the amount of prep they completed.

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It’s Wordy, It’s Awkward, It’s… Correct!

September 25th, 2009

Written by Joanna Bersin, Knewton’s resident GMAT Sentence Correction expert.

Like a salesman trying to trick you into purchasing an expensive item by appealing to your emotions, the makers of the GMAT try to trick test-takers into both “buying” grammatically incorrect answer choices by making them concise, and eliminating answer choices that are grammatically correct by making them appear awkward and unwieldy.

How do we typically avoid splurging on unnecessary purchases? We train ourselves to shop wisely, basing our decisions on a range of criteria and not solely on what “seems” to be the most attractive option in the store. We focus on specific features, using logic to compare items. How can you choose the correct answer on test day? You don’t just listen to your ear; first make sure that each sentence you eliminate violates a concrete rule of English grammar. When choosing between the remaining, seemingly error-free, constructions, use the differences between the options to identify errors; all other things being equal, always pick the less wordy, less awkward, and more active answer choice.

But buyer, beware: The test-makers, like salesmen, want your ear to tell you what to do. Before going into “negotiations” with these tricksters, it’s best to learn some of their most common tricks. Read the rest of this entry »

Sample of a GMAT Essay Scored a "5"

September 23rd, 2009
Nice score. (photo by Leo Reynolds)

Nice score. (photo by Leo Reynolds)

This post was written by Josh Anish.

Knewton is your source for the best advice on your GMAT essays. Go to Knewton.com for more sample AWAs.

Analysis of Issue Prompt: Of all the manifestations of power, restraint in the use of that power impresses people most.

Displays of great strength are misguided attempts to gain ground or leverage over another party. In school, children are taught to respect the “strong, silent type.” And for good reason: those able to hold back the use of power should be held in the highest regard. “Heroes” more than willing to throw themselves into harm’s way before all facts are known should not be held up on a pedestal. Instead we should honor those who walk quietly and hold a big stick.

Private citizens aren’t the only ones who benefit from this modest mindset. Governments should strive to restrain the use of their power, in both domestic and international affairs. Leaders must make sure that we exercise caution and humility before diving into something for which we are not ready—not just in war or war planning, but in everyday decisions. Just because a nation can exercise its power to gain leverage over another nation or an individual, doesn’t mean it should. The world already knows the United States of America is the most powerful nation on earth. We should let it be known that the lives of our soldiers are far more important than the displaying of our strength.

The Cuban Missile Crisis in the 1960s is one the most well known example of a Presidential restraint in the face of possible calamity. President Kennedy could have sent the message to the Soviets that America would not back down in any way.  He didn’t and instead chose a deal unpopular even among his own cabinet. The United States showed restraint by removing missiles from Turkey, and the Soviets followed our example and pulled back from Cuba. Almost undoubtedly, this restraint stopped World War III.

This is not to say that America always uses restraint. For example, the current financial crisis happened because people believed that “might is right.” Gain all you can, as quickly as you can, and step on anyone in your path—for years this was the American motto. Just because a company can destroy its competition doesn’t mean they should. We do not need corporations flaunting there power for everyone to see. We need safe, transparent markets. The wealthy and powerful should use only honest practices in the business world.

History has judged that restraint will always gain the most respect and admiration from one’s peers, and enemies. We are impressed by greatness, but, perhaps more importantly, we cherish and honor humility.
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Non-native speakers and the GMAT

September 21st, 2009

Jose Ferreira is the Founder and CEO of Knewton.

In response to my last post on BeatTheGMAT, a commenter asked whether native English speakers have an advantage on the GMAT, and whether the test gives more weight to the verbal sections. Business schools care about both your math and your verbal skills. Math is a universal language, the same everywhere in the world. The verbal sections, on the other hand, are, simply put, in English. Native speakers will naturally have an advantage. It makes it harder for non-native speakers, but that disadvantage can be overcome.

Business schools are eager to attract international students. But if you’re going to function in English-speaking business environments, it’s reasonable to expect you to be able to have a command over the language. You might need to devote extra time to study and practice. You’ll have an easier time with the writing sections if you spend some time reading well-edited, grammatically correct English. Publications like the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and Economist will all help you absorb the correct use of idiomatic expressions.

There are certain qualities that business school admissions officers look for in applicants, regardless of nationality. Business schools like students to be competitive, driven, goal-oriented, analytical and extroverted—the classic “type A” personality. Shape your application to market at several of these qualities (assuming you have them). Once you’re in business school, no one will care if you have a thick accent as long as you speak and act confidently.

GMAT test day, minute by minute

September 18th, 2009

In reality, test day is not that different from any other day of preparation—test-takers must be attentive, focused, and fully prepared to bring their A-game. But for many test-takers, the term “test day” brings a variety of symptoms: cold sweats, night terrors, the shakes, and so on. Knowing the nitty-gritty of what to expect when you get to the testing center can help relieve some of that unnecessary anxiety. Here’s Knewton’s minute-to-minute breakdown of a typical testing experience.

1. Arrive early, but don’t plan on studying at the testing center. 30 minutes before liftoff.

Show up to the test center 30 minutes before the official time, as the GMAC suggests. Although this may mean waking up even earlier than expected, avoiding any feeling of being rushed is priceless. However, many testing centers don’t allow studying in the waiting room, so don’t plan on getting there early and reviewing notes. Use the time before the test to relax and focus on the task at hand.

2. Locker Room. 10 minutes before liftoff.

After presenting your identification and test reservation, you may be given a key to a locker, into which you must put everything on your person other than your identification itself. This includes pens, paper, books, cell phones, house keys, lucky rabbit’s feet… everything. All you are allowed to bring in is your identification and the locker key itself. Think of this as a cleansing ritual, or a locker room warm-up. Although some centers may be more lax than others, in no circumstances expect to carry anything into the testing room.

3. Entering the Testing Room. 2 minutes before liftoff

The testing room will be a room filled with computers. It will be shut off from the rest of the testing center and under constant video monitoring. You may feel like the subject of some strange scientific experiment entering this room, but fear not. No shocks will be administered, and you will be far too wrapped up in your computer screen to notice the cameras or the half-lidded gaze of the proctors. Also note that you will be not only starting the test on a different schedule than other test-takers, but that it is likely that the others in the room may be taking different tests altogether. Whispering or passing notes is neither an option nor a temptation; this is not high school.

4. Tools of the Trade. Seconds before liftoff.

You will be provided with several tools with which to conquer the GMAT. The scratch pad looks and feels like a laminated legal pad; it is lined, yellow and shiny, and you will be provided with a thin black dry-erase upon which to write. These both work well, and you are allowed at any time to raise your hand to get the proctor’s attention if you need replacement pads or pens. You may also be provided with noise-canceling headphones (like those used by jackhammer-using construction workers). These work like a charm, even though the noise you’ll be canceling is the clickity-clacking keyboards of a dozen other test-takers.

5. Liftoff. The argument essay (30 min).

After signing in (perhaps with the proctor’s input), you’re off! You begin with the argument essay, and are given a 30:00 ticking digital clock in the corner of the screen by which to measure your progress. Depending on your comfort with this time period, you may want to outline your essay on the pad before writing, especially noting which examples you expect to use and in what order.

6. Getting Personal. 30-60 minutes in. Issue Essay.

Same deal; you know the drill.

7. Eight is Enough. 60-68 minutes in. Break 1 (8 minutes).

You have the option to take an 8-minute break at this point. Keep in mind that the break starts the second you click “yes,” meaning that once you raise your hand to get the proctor, sign out by using your ID, and leave the room, you have less time than you might think to get back. This is enough time for a bathroom break or a breather, but no more. Up to this point, you have been at the test center for an hour and a half, and not yet seen one verbal or math question. So the first third of test day is all warming up and doing the essays; try to time your caffeine intake accordingly.

8. Test Day Begins. 68-143 minutes. Math  (75 minutes).

Test day begins in earnest. The quant section will come first, and you’ll have 75 minutes to complete it. Since the math section is considered far more difficult to finish in this time period than is the verbal for most test-takers, plan accordingly (and use timed practice to understand your own timing). The math section will have you using that scratch pad in earnest, and you may want to use it to virtually “eliminate” choices on the verbal section by writing out A, B, C, D and E and crossing out choices as you go. The number of each question (and how many are left) is provided at all times, as is the time.

9. Eight is Enough Part 2: 143 minutes- 151 minutes. Break 2 (8 minutes).

Just like Break 1, except it’s likely that you will need this break even more. Take it to get a breather and prepare for the next section. Shift from math to verbal mentally, with the different timing considerations in your mind.

10. The Home Stretch! 151- 226 minutes. Verbal (75 minutes).

Stay alert! You’ve been at the test center for almost 4 hours at this point, but your concentration and focus is as necessary as ever. Watch those questions count down as you go…

11. Getting Down to Business. Score Reporting Info. 226-234.

As your reward for finishing the test, you get to decide which schools get your (still unreported) score. Let visions of leafy campuses, whiteboards, and elbow-patched professors fill your mind as you enter the schools you’d like to receive your score reports.

12. Do or Die: Canceling Your Score. 234- 236.

Last step: you have two minutes (with a ticking clock) to decide whether to cancel your score or report it. What’s your final answer? If you decide to report the score, you will immediately be informed of your scores and percentiles on the math and verbal reports. Either way, after four hours, almost half of which did not involve any math or verbal questions, test day has become history. It wasn’t so bad, was it?

Knewton Knews and Knotes

September 16th, 2009

-Natalie is at the University of Wisconsin-Madison today. Give her a high-five in person, or follow on her Twitter.

-Check out this new LSAT logic game, written by Alex K.

-Faculty Manager Dave Ingber and his play Fantasy Football: The Musical? are featured on CNBC.com.

-Knewton is posting all sorts of awesome content on BeatTheGMAT.

-Our CEO, Jose, is on Wikipedia.

-The June 2009 LSAT PrepTest is available on our site–instantly scored and fully explained–for free.

Rohit is back (at least back on the blog)

September 14th, 2009
With his bags packed, young Rohit leaves the Big Apple to head back to... Pittsburgh

With his bags packed, young Rohit leaves the Big Apple to head back to... Pittsburgh.

If anyone doubts that “Learning will never be the same,” then go work for Knewton. I was a Product Development intern for the company this past summer and can vouch for that statement as someone who was on the inside. Why should you believe me? Because my role at Knewton was to head up a User Experience initiative meant to guide future redesigns of the GMAT course and the LSAT course. Having this very unique position in the company allowed me to talk to every content developer, every teacher, every engineer, and most importantly, a ton of students. My goal was to listen to every piece of feedback available about our products and itemize them into specific redesign recommendations.

I am back at school—a senior studying Human Computer Interaction and Business Administration at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. These specific academic disciplines have given me a pretty solid handle on interpreting users’ actions and emotions both qualitatively and quantitatively through statistics. What I found from a detailed analysis that included 40% of Knewton’s student population is mindboggling!

Knewton students are unanimously impressed with the course and would refer both the GMAT and LSAT courses to a friend.

Certainly, the courses have their usability issues, and there were some major areas that Knewton is already working to improve upon. But that statistic above is nearly unheard of and I can tell you honestly that every employee appreciates such a high degree of customer satisfaction. Many of the employees became friends of mine and I have to say: I have never seen such smart people work so hard on helping make other people smarter (of course it’s debatable whether GMAT or LSAT content actually are a reflection of intelligence)!

I remember asking the CEO Jose, after an intense game of Ultimate Frisbee, when we will be dropping our “startup” label. Well after the review in BusinessWeek and two tested, robust products, I think we can agree that day is coming soon!

On a final note, I had possibly one of the best summers I could imagine working with Knewton. Not just because of the exciting work I was involved in and the great NYC location, but the awesome people sitting in that office and culture they created. I have to say tech is the way to go, and I made sure to rub it hard in my finance friends’ faces. :)

Watch out for passage wording

September 10th, 2009

blackChris Black is a Content Developer at Knewton, helping students with their LSAT prep. He’s also into barbecue.

Many answer choices on the LSAT are written to be tempting. Some answers will be blatantly wrong, but most will only be slightly wrong.

That’s why you have to pay close attention to passage wording in Reading Comp and Logical Reasoning. Both sections make you read huge chunks of text closely but quickly, so when you’re scanning the questions for a passage the words start to run together. Take this snippet, from a very scientific passage about cats:

Historically, cats have been excellent self-cleaners. Housecats, more than other cats in the animal kingdom, rely on their tongues for bathing and fur maintenance. While their self-cleaning methods are effective, they also sometimes result in challenges like hairballs.

This is a shorter (and weirder) passage than one you’ll find on the LSAT, but you can use the same strategies in addressing it. Say the first question asks us for a statement that is true according to the author and gives us four possible answer choices. The first choice might be easy to eliminate.

(A) Cats are excellent space travelers.

A gimme. Space travel is completely off-topic, so we can scratch this one. Let’s look at the rest.

(B) Housecats have proven throughout history to be some of the best self-cleaners in the animal kingdom.

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Running Knewton

September 4th, 2009

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